多尺度EGLSN的构建及耕地地力模拟研究

准确获得区域耕地地力是配方施肥的基础。本文依据景观生态学"过程、尺度与等级"原理,通过探索山西省耕地地力影响因素的等级与作用过程的控制范围,提出生态气候、地貌景观、利用措施、土壤条件、养分管理5个从大到小的不同尺度,构建了多尺度EGLSN(eco-climate,geomorphologic landscape,land usemeasure,soil condition,nutrient management)耕地地力模拟模型。根据山西省117个县(市、区)的土壤调查GPS采样点数据进行统计获得模型相关参数,应用多尺度EGLSN模型针对山西省北部的忻府区、中部的榆次区和南部的襄汾县3个典型区域,选择了积温、地形、地貌、平整措施等指标计算作物产量,进行耕地地力模拟。模拟结果误差检验表明,榆次区地貌景观尺度、利用措施尺度、土壤条件尺度、养分管理尺度模拟单产与土壤调查GPS点数据单产的标准根均方误差(NRMSE)依次为32%、27%、15%、4%,襄汾县4个尺度单产的NRMSE依次为35%、28%、13%、7%,忻府区4个尺度单产的NRMSE分别是31%、26%、14%、3%。忻府区、榆次区和襄汾县3个典型区域总产量相对生态气候尺度基准偏差的检验结果中,地貌景观尺度模拟精度分别为83%、80%和82%,利用措施尺度模拟精度为93%、90%和91%,土壤条件模拟精度分别是95%、95%和91%,养分管理尺度模拟精度依次达到96%、95%和93%。这一模拟方法适用于多尺度耕地地力模拟研究,可为大尺度耕地地力模拟及配方施肥提供借鉴。     

响应曲面法建立超临界CO2萃取结晶穿心莲内酯工艺模型

以穿心莲内酯含量为30%的穿心莲浸膏为试验原料，采用响应曲面分析法(Response Surface Methodology，RSM)建立了超临界CO₂萃取结晶穿心莲内酯结晶率的二次多项数学模型，验证了数学模型的有效性，并探讨了萃取结晶压力、温度、时间对结晶率的作用规律。根据该模型进行了工艺参数的优选，以结晶率为指标，试验所得穿心莲内酯超临界CO₂萃取结晶优化工艺条件为：压力20.88 MPa，温度50.27℃，时间97.02 min，该条件下结晶率高达74.77%。     

区域尺度侵蚀产沙估算方法研究

 区域土壤侵蚀模型是大区域土壤侵蚀普查和水土保持宏观决策的支持工具,土壤侵蚀模型的研发是土壤侵蚀学科的前沿领域。基于DEM将区域划分为规则网格,设计产流、产沙过程的单元模型,包括植被截留、入渗、填洼、流速、携沙能力、径流剥蚀量、泥沙沉积等算法。将月降水当作1次降雨事件,并划分若干时段进行迭代计算,利用GIS空间分析功能完成水沙汇集运算,并在ArcGIS支持下进行计算机程序设计,有效地完成了区域侵蚀产沙量的计算。将模型应用于延河流域得到:1995年7月份平均径流深为35.6mm,径流系数为0.237,流域出口径流量为2.72亿m3,流域出口输沙量为0.38亿t,流域平均侵蚀模数为4575t/(km2.月);输出图形空间格局和结构符合实际情况,初步模拟结果令人较满意。     

利用作物模拟模型辅助决策小麦新品种推广初探

在田间试验和前人研究的基础上，以比较成熟的CERES-WHEAT模型为研究工具，以我国的主要作物小麦为研究材料，探讨了作物模型在区域试验和良种评价方面的潜在应用。目的在于应用作物模型的动态性和预测性功能，通过利用品种已有生理和遗传参数以及各地的气象、土壤资料，对冬小麦不同品种同一地点和同一品种不同地点的生育期、物候期、产量和产量构成因素进行模拟，并与实测值进行比较，最后对品种的生态适应性进行了综合评价。最终在品种产量表现和生态适应性等方面为品种区域试验和良种推广提供决策的依据，试图尝试用一条新的途径，辅助     

CropSyst作物模型在松嫩平原典型黑土区的校正和验证

通过对CropSyst作物模拟模型进行修订和验证，应用该模型对松嫩平原黑土区主要作物的生产潜力进行了模拟，并对作物生产力模拟的有效方法进行了初步探索。模拟结果表明，对于主要作物的经济产量、全生育期蒸散量、收获时的地上生物量，模拟值与实测值较为接近。模拟值和实测值的均方根误差RMSE为3.59%(小麦地上生物量)～8.02%(小麦产量)，模拟性能指数EF最小为0.76(玉米蒸散量)，最大为0.90(小麦产量)。     

土壤有机碳稳定性及其影响因素

土壤有机碳库在全球碳循环中起着重要作用。利用文献资料,阐明土壤有机碳稳定性理论及其影响因素。土壤有机碳稳定性指土壤有机碳在当前条件下抵抗干扰和恢复原有水平的能力。它是由土壤的理化性质所决定的,是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果。土壤有机碳的降解包括生物降解作用和物理化学降解作用等,生物降解作用是主要的过程。把土壤有机碳库分成活性碳库、慢性碳库、惰性碳库,能较好地与土壤微生物的生物降解过程相对应。构建土壤有机碳稳定性概念模型,能更系统地理解有机碳在土壤中的稳定机制。     

塑料大棚小气候的模拟和检测

为了研究大棚内外空气热量的物质交换的机理，该文把用在大玻璃温室的让布鲁温室动态模型应用于小塑料大棚。此模型考虑了温室内三层土壤、作物层、空气层、覆盖物和保温幕之间的传导、对流、太阳辐射和热辐射以及潜热交换，在此基础上进行了在不同气候条件下模拟的实测结果的比较分析。其结果表明，模型达到较高精度。     

SOM fractionation methods: Relevance to functional pools and to stabilization mechanisms

Soil organic matter (SOM) consists of various functional pools that are stabilized by specific mechanisms and have certain turnover rates. For the development of mechanistic models that predict changes in SOM storage, these pools have to be quantified and characterized. In the past, numerous fractionation schemes have been developed to separate and analyse such SOM fractions. In this review, the SOM fractions obtained with such operational fractionation procedures are described in terms of their pool sizes, chemical properties, and turnover rates. The main objective of this review is to evaluate these operationally defined fractions with respect to their suitability to describe functional SOM pools that could be used to parameterize SOM turnover models. Fractionation procedures include (1) physical separation of SOM into aggregate, particle size, and density fractions and fractions according to their magnetic susceptibility, and (2) various wet chemical procedures that fractionate SOM according to solubility, hydrolysability, and resistance to oxidation or by destruction of the mineral phase. Furthermore, combinations of fractionation methods are evaluated.The active SOM pool with turnover rates <10 years may best be represented by the soil microbial biomass and the light fraction (<1.6-2 g cm⁻³) obtained by density fractionation (if black carbon contents are considered). Most chemical and physical fractionations as well as combinations of methods yield SOM fractions that are not homogeneous in terms of turnover rates. It has proven to be particularly difficult to isolate functional fractions that represent the passive model pools in which the majority of soil SOM is stabilized. The available fractionation methods do not correspond to specific stabilization mechanisms and hence do not describe functional SOM pools. Another problem is that comprehensive data for turnover rates and data for whole soil profiles are only now becoming available, especially for new fractionation methods. Such information as well as the use of specific markers and compound-specific isotope analysis may be important for future differentiation and evaluation of functional SOM fractions.     

Conservation biology for suites of species: Demographic modeling for Pacific island kingfishers

Conservation practitioners frequently extrapolate data from single-species investigations when managing critically endangered populations. However, few researchers initiate work with the intent of making findings useful to conservation efforts for other species. We presented and explored the concept of conducting conservation-oriented research for suites of geographically separated populations with similar natural histories, resource needs, and extinction threats. An example was provided in the form of an investigation into the population demography of endangered Micronesian kingfishers (Todiramphus cinnamominus). We provided the first demographic parameter estimates for any of the 12 endangered Pacific Todiramphus species, and used results to develop a population projection matrix model for management throughout the insular Pacific. Further, we used the model for elasticity and simulation analyses with demographic values that randomly varied across ranges that might characterize congener populations. Results from elasticity and simulation analyses indicated that changes in breeding adult survival exerted the greatest magnitude of influence on population dynamics. However, changes in nestling survival were more consistently correlated with population dynamics as demographic rates were randomly altered. We concluded that conservation practitioners working with endangered Pacific kingfishers should primarily focus efforts on factors affecting nestling and breeder survival, and secondarily address fledgling juveniles and helpers. Further, we described how the generalized base model might be changed to focus on individual populations and discussed the potential application of multi-species models to other conservation situations.     

系统动力学在水土保持规划中的应用

系统动力学（简称ＳＤ、亦称动态仿真）是现代最新的系统分析方法，即模拟社会经济、生态系统动态行为的计算机仿真技术，是科学决策和预测的有效工具。该根据水土保持规划的特点，论述了动态仿真的基本原理、水土保持规划中的ＳＤ建模方法和水土保持规划ＳＤ软件及其应用。